{"id":4009,"date":"2021-01-15T12:20:32","date_gmt":"2021-01-15T11:20:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/pq-as-a-service.com\/network-phenomena\/"},"modified":"2021-12-16T07:24:21","modified_gmt":"2021-12-16T06:24:21","slug":"grid-phenomena","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/pq-as-a-service.com\/en\/grid-phenomena\/","title":{"rendered":"Grid Phenomena"},"content":{"rendered":"<div  class='av-hotspot-image-container av-kcyhk2bq-918d69f97fa82fa183e75dd1b4af35f3  avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_heading  avia-builder-el-first  av-hotspot-numbered av-mobile-fallback-active  av-non-fullwidth-hotspot-image'  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><div class='av-hotspot-container'><div class='av-hotspot-container-inner-cell'><div class='av-hotspot-container-inner-wrap'><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class='wp-image-1018 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-1018 avia_image' src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/banner_netzwerk-e1600842936587.jpg?resize=1500%2C430&ssl=1\" alt='' title='banner_netzwerk'  height=\"430\" width=\"1500\"  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\"  \/><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1oap0-fc08bb6837c047b9fbcf19ac92d75d8e\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-1oap0-fc08bb6837c047b9fbcf19ac92d75d8e{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-1oap0-fc08bb6837c047b9fbcf19ac92d75d8e .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-1oap0-fc08bb6837c047b9fbcf19ac92d75d8e .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-1oap0-fc08bb6837c047b9fbcf19ac92d75d8e av-special-heading-h2 blockquote modern-quote  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_image_hotspot  el_before_av_one_half  avia-builder-el-first '><h2 class='av-special-heading-tag '  itemprop=\"headline\"  >NET PHENOMENA WE ENCOUNTER EVERY DAY<\/h2><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-uoss-2e8d452f3bba9768e676d4026874db83\">\n.flex_column.av-uoss-2e8d452f3bba9768e676d4026874db83{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-uoss-2e8d452f3bba9768e676d4026874db83 av_one_half  avia-builder-el-2  el_after_av_heading  el_before_av_one_half  first flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-kf5h4egx-67ceb1231d9a26f4469c896455dffcfe '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Network quality is not a new topic, although it has come more and more into focus in recent years due to an increasingly high-tech and also more vulnerable world. The consideration and the limits for the electrical phenomena are derived from the standardisation for electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) according to IEC 61000-x-x.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-1ob04-4d661c67654a6728b33fabcef4ae6d0c\">\n.flex_column.av-1ob04-4d661c67654a6728b33fabcef4ae6d0c{\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:0px 0px 0px 0px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-1ob04-4d661c67654a6728b33fabcef4ae6d0c av_one_half  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_hr  flex_column_div av-zero-column-padding  '     ><section  class='av_textblock_section av-kf5h48cb-89ce25d36628f64945e913e90b184699 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p>Even though at first glance we have a very reliable supply of electrical energy, every day we encounter phenomena in the electrical grid that can become serious problems for people, machines and the environment, either individually or collectively. In 2007, a study put the economic damage caused by network phenomena at 157 billion euros per year, with a strong upward trend.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div>\n<div  class='hr av-62zi4-ecd57d136db74e7cdb2175bd3afecf35 hr-default  avia-builder-el-6  el_after_av_one_half  el_before_av_textblock '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-tkr4-350637b623b3eab8b7a8727f67243671 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-1130 size-featured\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/handstrom.jpg?resize=1500%2C430&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"1500\" height=\"430\" \/><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kfdnxieo-9dd55348a379abe2fa0dd2823d8e0e14\">\n@keyframes av_boxShadowEffect_av-kfdnxieo-9dd55348a379abe2fa0dd2823d8e0e14-column {\n0%   { box-shadow:  0 0 0 0 #d1d1d1; opacity: 1; }\n100% { box-shadow:  0 0 10px 0 #d1d1d1; opacity: 1; }\n}\n.flex_column.av-kfdnxieo-9dd55348a379abe2fa0dd2823d8e0e14{\nbox-shadow: 0 0 10px 0 #d1d1d1;\nborder-radius:0px 0px 0px 0px;\npadding:10px 10px 10px 10px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='flex_column av-kfdnxieo-9dd55348a379abe2fa0dd2823d8e0e14 av_one_full  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-last  first flex_column_div shadow-not-animated  column-top-margin'     ><div  class='avia-content-slider-element-container av-kcyjzroy-2486d5c09f880fa0a6f73476bcd7d7d0 avia-content-slider-element-slider avia-content-slider avia-smallarrow-slider avia-content-slider-active avia-content-slider-odd  avia-builder-el-9  avia-builder-el-no-sibling  av-slideshow-ui av-control-default av-nav-arrows-visible av-nav-dots-visible av-hide-nav-arrows av-slideshow-autoplay av-loop-endless av-loop-manual-endless avia-content-slider1' data-slideshow-options=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;slide&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:true,&quot;loop_autoplay&quot;:&quot;endless&quot;,&quot;interval&quot;:6,&quot;loop_manual&quot;:&quot;manual-endless&quot;,&quot;autoplay_stopper&quot;:false,&quot;noNavigation&quot;:false,&quot;bg_slider&quot;:false,&quot;keep_padding&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;hoverpause&quot;:false,&quot;show_slide_delay&quot;:30}\"><div class='avia-smallarrow-slider-heading '><div class='new-special-heading'><h3 class=''>The network phenomena according to IEC61000-x-xx (EMC) in detail<\/h3><\/div><div class='avia-slideshow-arrows avia-slideshow-controls' ><a href='#prev' class='prev-slide  avia-svg-icon avia-font-svg_entypo-fontello' data-av_svg_icon='left-open-big' data-av_iconset='svg_entypo-fontello' tabindex='-1' title=\"Previous\"><svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"15\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 15 32\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" aria-labelledby='av-svg-title-1' aria-describedby='av-svg-desc-1' role=\"graphics-symbol\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n<title id='av-svg-title-1'>Previous<\/title>\n<desc id='av-svg-desc-1'>Previous<\/desc>\n<path d=\"M14.464 27.84q0.832 0.832 0 1.536-0.832 0.832-1.536 0l-12.544-12.608q-0.768-0.768 0-1.6l12.544-12.608q0.704-0.832 1.536 0 0.832 0.704 0 1.536l-11.456 11.904z\"><\/path>\n<\/svg><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Previous<\/span><\/a><a href='#next' class='next-slide  avia-svg-icon avia-font-svg_entypo-fontello' data-av_svg_icon='right-open-big' data-av_iconset='svg_entypo-fontello' tabindex='-1' title=\"Next\"><svg version=\"1.1\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"15\" height=\"32\" viewBox=\"0 0 15 32\" preserveAspectRatio=\"xMidYMid meet\" aria-labelledby='av-svg-title-2' aria-describedby='av-svg-desc-2' role=\"graphics-symbol\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n<title id='av-svg-title-2'>Next<\/title>\n<desc id='av-svg-desc-2'>Next<\/desc>\n<path d=\"M0.416 27.84l11.456-11.84-11.456-11.904q-0.832-0.832 0-1.536 0.832-0.832 1.536 0l12.544 12.608q0.768 0.832 0 1.6l-12.544 12.608q-0.704 0.832-1.536 0-0.832-0.704 0-1.536z\"><\/path>\n<\/svg><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Next<\/span><\/a><\/div><div class='avia-slideshow-dots avia-slideshow-controls'><a href='#1' class='goto-slide active' >1<\/a><a href='#2' class='goto-slide ' >2<\/a><a href='#3' class='goto-slide ' >3<\/a><a href='#4' class='goto-slide ' >4<\/a><a href='#5' class='goto-slide ' >5<\/a><a href='#6' class='goto-slide ' >6<\/a><a href='#7' class='goto-slide ' >7<\/a><a href='#8' class='goto-slide ' >8<\/a><a href='#9' class='goto-slide ' >9<\/a><\/div><\/div><div class=\"avia-content-slider-inner\"><div class=\"slide-entry-wrap\"><section class='slide-entry av-16580-95950b7c2b650a55263250d62d39a5d8 flex_column av_fullwidth post-entry slide-entry-overview slide-loop-1 slide-parity-odd  first'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >network frequency<\/h3><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1688 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Voltage-signal.jpg?resize=641%2C570&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"570\" \/><br \/>\nIn the event of an oversupply of electrical power, the grid frequency increases; in the event of an undersupply, it decreases. Normally, these deviations are minimal in the Western European interconnected grid and are less than 0.2 Hz. If there is a massive imbalance between the supply and demand of electrical power due to non-compensable faults, correspondingly strong grid frequency fluctuations are the result.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Causes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"content-block__unordered-list\">\n<li>Omission of power generators<\/li>\n<li>Large load changes<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible consequential problems<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Instability of the supply grid<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class=\"slide-entry-wrap\"><section class='slide-entry av-po38-18bf4a5b8f601f3530db0840f4879de8 flex_column av_fullwidth post-entry slide-entry-overview slide-loop-2 slide-parity-odd  first'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >Power supply voltage level<\/h3><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1707 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Reduced-voltage-1.jpg?resize=639%2C556&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"639\" height=\"556\" \/><br \/>\nA change in the network load can lead to a (short-term) change in the level of the supply voltage,<\/p>\n<p><strong>Causes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Changes in the network load<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible consequential problems<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"content-block__unordered-list\">\n<li>Malfunction of operating equipment<\/li>\n<li>System shutdown<\/li>\n<li>Data loss<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class=\"slide-entry-wrap\"><section class='slide-entry av-4khb8-a29845442e45eac4e9eed21bba332193 flex_column av_fullwidth post-entry slide-entry-overview slide-loop-3 slide-parity-odd  first'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >Flicker<\/h3><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"imagespace alignleft wp-image-1715 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Flicker-en.jpg?resize=641%2C557&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"557\" \/>Frequent rapid voltage changes result in light fluctuations called flicker, which can cause eye fatigue, discomfort and dizziness in humans.<\/p>\n<p>The causes of flicker are often welding machines, arc furnaces, X-ray equipment, wind turbines as well as drives with shock loads<\/p>\n<p><strong>Causes<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"content-block__unordered-list\">\n<li>Frequent load changes<\/li>\n<li>Engine start<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible consequential problems<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"content-block__unordered-list\">\n<li>Flickering of the lighting<\/li>\n<li>Impairment of the work performance of exposed persons<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class=\"slide-entry-wrap\"><section class='slide-entry av-42is8-7d50091ed42cb068fb7f4d5d88e393e0 flex_column av_fullwidth post-entry slide-entry-overview slide-loop-4 slide-parity-odd  first'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >Dips \/ surges in the supply of the voltage. Rapid Voltage Changes (RVC)<\/h3><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1718 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Short-voltagedip-1.jpg?resize=641%2C557&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"557\" \/><br \/>\nIn the event of voltage dips (often interpreted as transients), the voltage rms value drops to values between 1% and 90% of the nominal voltage, caused by short-term, high mains loads, especially in networks with low short-circuit power. This is caused by high starting currents of large motors, which are many times the rated current. The same applies to motors that have to start under high load.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Cause<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"content-block__unordered-list\">\n<li>Large load changes<\/li>\n<li>Short circuit, earth fault<\/li>\n<li>Thunderstorm<\/li>\n<li>Overload of the power supply<\/li>\n<li>Feeding in renewable energies such as wind or photovoltaics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible consequential problems<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"content-block__unordered-list\">\n<li>Malfunction of operating equipment such as controls or drives<\/li>\n<li>Interruption of service<\/li>\n<li>Data loss in control systems and computers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class=\"slide-entry-wrap\"><section class='slide-entry av-vy3c-2079b21256e80d46686553f98844979a flex_column av_fullwidth post-entry slide-entry-overview slide-loop-5 slide-parity-odd  first'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >Voltage interruptions<\/h3><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-3165 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Voltage-signal-interruption.jpg?resize=643%2C559&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"643\" height=\"559\" \/><br \/>\nAn interruption refers to the complete loss of voltage or current. A distinction is made between a long-term interruption (longer than 3 min.) and a short-term interruption (up to and including 3 min.)<\/p>\n<p><strong>Causes<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"content-block__unordered-list\">\n<li>Short circuit<\/li>\n<li>Blown fuses<\/li>\n<li>Component failure<\/li>\n<li>Planned interruption of supply<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible consequential problems<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"content-block__unordered-list\">\n<li>Loss of production<\/li>\n<li>Process interruptions<\/li>\n<li>Data loss in control systems and computers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class=\"slide-entry-wrap\"><section class='slide-entry av-2r4aw-5e64039136190caa2ea3e6e531968a06 flex_column av_fullwidth post-entry slide-entry-overview slide-loop-6 slide-parity-odd  first'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >Unbalance of the supply voltage<\/h3><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"imagespace alignleft wp-image-1722 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Unsymetrie.png?resize=641%2C557&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Unsymetrie.png?w=920&amp;ssl=1 920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Unsymetrie.png?resize=300%2C261&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Unsymetrie.png?resize=768%2C668&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Unsymetrie.png?resize=705%2C613&amp;ssl=1 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\" \/>Due to uneven distribution of single-phase loads and the operation of two-phase loads, transformers are asymmetrically loaded. The active load of the consumers is responsible for uneven phase voltages and the reactive load ensures deviations of the phase shifts from the ideal 120 degrees.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Causes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Unequal load on the phases due to single-phase or two-phase consumers<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible consequential problems<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"content-block__unordered-list\">\n<li>Current in the neutral conductor<\/li>\n<li>Overload \/ overheating of equipment<\/li>\n<li>Increase in harmonics<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class=\"slide-entry-wrap\"><section class='slide-entry av-28o3s-b1c19a05d88ebb1d88445fb9eba83704 flex_column av_fullwidth post-entry slide-entry-overview slide-loop-7 slide-parity-odd  first'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >Harmonic voltages<\/h3><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1725 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oberschwingungen.png?resize=641%2C557&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oberschwingungen.png?w=920&amp;ssl=1 920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oberschwingungen.png?resize=300%2C261&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oberschwingungen.png?resize=768%2C668&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Oberschwingungen.png?resize=705%2C613&amp;ssl=1 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\" \/><br \/>\nHarmonics are sinusoidal components superimposed on the voltage or current fundamental. They arise from non-linear consumers in the grid. The ratio of the harmonic frequency to the network frequency is called the ordinal number h. Integer multiples of the mains frequency are called harmonics. If the result is a non-integer multiple, then one speaks of intermediate harmonics.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Causes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Non-linear loads such as frequency converters, rectifiers, switching power supplies, arc furnaces, computers, fluorescent tubes, etc.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible follow-up problems:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"content-block__unordered-list\">\n<li>Reduction of machine efficiency<\/li>\n<li>Increased energy losses<\/li>\n<li>Overload \/ overheating of equipment<\/li>\n<li>Current in the neutral conductor<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class=\"slide-entry-wrap\"><section class='slide-entry av-6dho-5201b2972a3186201e4edcb3f3e09356 flex_column av_fullwidth post-entry slide-entry-overview slide-loop-8 slide-parity-odd  first'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >Interharmonic voltages, voltages for signal transmission<\/h3><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignleft wp-image-1727 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Zwischenharmonische.png?resize=641%2C557&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"557\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Zwischenharmonische.png?w=920&amp;ssl=1 920w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Zwischenharmonische.png?resize=300%2C261&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Zwischenharmonische.png?resize=768%2C668&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Zwischenharmonische.png?resize=705%2C613&amp;ssl=1 705w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 641px) 100vw, 641px\" \/><br \/>\nInterharmonics are sinusoidal oscillations whose frequency is not an integer multiple of the fundamental frequency of 50 Hz.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Causes:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Frequency inverters and similar control devices<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible follow-up problems:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"content-block__unordered-list\">\n<li>Flicker<\/li>\n<li>Ripple control failure<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><div class=\"slide-entry-wrap\"><section class='slide-entry av-xtx0-9ca0b014f88a7df68852cb8df108a4cc flex_column av_fullwidth post-entry slide-entry-overview slide-loop-9 slide-parity-odd  post-entry-last  first'  itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/CreativeWork\" ><h3 class='slide-entry-title entry-title '  itemprop=\"headline\" >Transient<\/h3><div class='slide-entry-excerpt entry-content'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"imagespace alignleft wp-image-1729 \" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/pq-as-a-service.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/12\/Transients.jpg?resize=641%2C557&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"641\" height=\"557\" \/>Transient overvoltages, often confused with rapid voltage change (RVC), are high-frequency events with the duration of less than one network period. Voltage peaks of up to several kV occur. These only last for a few milliseconds. In addition, a key characteristic of transients is that the waveform of the sinusoid is significantly affected for a short duration.<\/p>\n<p>Transients are mainly caused by operational switching events on the grid, lightning strikes and short-circuit tripped fuses and circuit breakers.<\/p>\n<p>Acquisition of fast transients, e.g. according to IEC61000-4-4, usually requires a cost-intensive separate measuring channel with a very high sampling rate.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Possible causes: <\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"content-block__unordered-list\">\n<li>Lightning, switching operations<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Possible follow-up problems:<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"content-block__unordered-list\">\n<li>Destruction of equipment<\/li>\n<li>Data loss<\/li>\n<li>System shutdown<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/section><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-4009","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.9 - 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